5. Thermodynamics A.md
2024-4-11|2024-4-12
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- Understand: What is internal energy and how is it expressed? Answer: Internal energy is the total energy contained within a system. It is determined by the state of the system and can be expressed as the sum of a random distribution of kinetic and potential energies associated with the molecules of a system. The kinetic energy is due to the motion of the molecules, while the potential energy arises from the forces between the molecules.
- Relate: How is a rise in temperature of an object related to an increase in its internal energy? Answer: A rise in temperature of an object is related to an increase in its internal energy because an increase in temperature means an increase in the average kinetic energy of the molecules in the object. Since internal energy is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the molecules, an increase in average kinetic energy leads to an increase in internal energy.
- Recall and Use: What is the equation for the work done when the volume of a gas changes at constant pressure, and what is the difference between the work done by the gas and the work done on the gas? Answer: The equation for the work done when the volume of a gas changes at constant pressure is , where W is the work done, p is the pressure and ∆V is the change in volume. The work done by the gas is the energy transferred from the gas to its surroundings when the gas expands, while the work done on the gas is the energy transferred to the gas from its surroundings when the gas is compressed.
- Recall and Use: What is the first law of thermodynamics and how is it expressed in terms of the increase in internal energy, the heating of the system, and the work done on the system? Answer: The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system plus the work done on the system. This is expressed as , where ∆U is the change in internal energy, q is the heat added to the system, and W is the work done on the system.
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